Spitfires of the Spaceways:
Women of the Original Space Operas and Serials

An Illustrated Essay by Michael Evans

The Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers movie serials were deliberately crafted for adolescent male fans. Early commercial Science-Fiction was often sold as an offshoot of so-called "Boy's Entertainment." This profitable genre included great writers like H.G. Wells and Jack London, plus facile entertainers like Edgar Rice Burroughs and Rafael Sabatini. There were many entrepeneurs who hired anonymous professional writers to hack out innumerable stories featuring popular copyrighted characters, like Doc Savage and The Shadow, plus magazines which sold recycled plots, slightly masked by eccentric variations of archetypical heroes, heroines, and villains.
Hugo Gernsback published Amazing Stories, a pulp magazine featuring "Scientifiction" stories as reprints from Jules Verne, Wells, Burroughs, etc. plus new tales, like the outrageously galactic Skylark series by E.E. (Doc) Smith. One odd story graced the pages of Amazing in the summer of 1928 -- Armageddon 2419 A.D. by Phil Nowlan, which introduced somnambulistic time-traveller Anthony (later Buck) Rogers to the world.
After a sequel demonstrated the character's appeal, John F. Dille, president of the National Newspaper Service turned him into a syndicated feature, drawn by Dick Calkins. It debuted on January 7, 1929 as Buck Rogers in the 25th Century A.D. -- the first science fiction comic strip. Harold Foster's magnificently-drawn visualization of Tarzan began on that same date too, but Calkins was no Foster. Despite the sometimes-crude drawing, Buck Rogers epitomized the Space Opera, for good or bad, over 38 years in the mind of the American public, until July 8, 1967, long after Nowlan and Calkins had been replaced by Rick Yager, George Tuska, Murphy Anderson and others.
King Featues Syndicate challenged Buck's predominance with
Flash Gordon, a beautifully-drafted Sunday strip which primarily ran in the Hearst papers. The same company also competed with Tarzan by running Jungle Jim on the same page. Both features were illustrated by the brilliant Alex Raymond.
In the genre of "Boy's Entertainment,"
women characters were generally marginalized by the producers, editors, artists, and writers for various socio-economic reasons, as well as priggishness, prudery, and prejudice. This psychological repression made for some interesting results at times, but there was very little variation among stock passive heroines or scheming villainesses. Spitfires of the Spaceways discusses and illustrates a few preturbations of these benighted stereotypes.

Wilma Deering of Buck Rogers

Wilma wasn't exactly the typical Lady In Distress, although she specialized in finding trouble. (She was a soldier after all, and an officer to boot!) Deering seemed to be a combination of Aviatrix and Flapper from the Roaring 20's, in that she was competent with f
uturistic weaponry and equipment, but also seemed to suffer repeated streaks of bad luck whenever the bad guys went about their bad business. Buck Rogers rescued her from many bad situations in the newspapers.
As a native of the 25th Century, Deering knew more
about life in her time than 20th Century relic Rogers could ever have conceived, and was an indispensible ally to him -- saving his skin more than once. In lockstep with the conventions of the times, there was no romance between the two principals, or anybody else for that matter. She was almost the equivalent of a matinee cowboy's comic sidekick, except she was a lady, and rarely cracked jokes.
Wilma was most often a sibling-like prescence -- so much so that her BROTHER was the protagonist of many newspaper adventures. Other times she was so sexually neutral, it was like Buck had taken his mom along with him.
In the Buster Crabbe serial of 1939. She was quietly effective, and took initiative now and then -- even breaking jail to rescue Buck, as her Spitfire chapter shows!.
There was one awkward moment when Crabbe ALMOST kissed big-band singer Constance Moore, but it passed quickly. I personally thought it was the least he could have done for her -- she looked awfully lonely as the one solitary woman in the entire film!


Frank R. Paul's Rocket Pack flier was the model for Nowlan & Calkins' Buck Rogers.


Buck & Wilma flying with
their own Rocket Packs.

Wilma Deering, Bucks' co-adventurer, by Dick Calkins


Wilma, as played by Constance Moore in 1939

Dale Arden of Flash Gordon


This character was an utterly objectified Lady In Distress, but she had to fight alongside of her Action Hero many times.
Dale was an idealized model woman, drawn from studio models. Her physical attributes were prominent, but so were those of Flash -- who was also drawn from models in Alex Raymond's studio. The sinuous beauty of this couple was definitely one of the attractions of the comic strip.



The fictional characters obviously cared about each other (within the repessive limits of the genre) but the writers of the Flash Gordon movies didn't give Dale Arden all that much thought, especially the blonde version -- she was most often a prisoner, or drugged, or hypnotized, or otherwise helpless to a fault. (The writers' fault.) After the studio dyed her hair the proper color, she had some Spitfire moments, just like her model in the comic pages, but they were still few and far between. Besides brunette Dale Arden's escapade as a bombadier on Mars, which is illustrated in its own Spitfire chapter, she unsuccessfully attacked Flash with a knife while under the influence of some conjuror's vapors. On her later mission to Planet Mongo, she got into several slap-fights with Ming's secret agent Lady Sonja, but was overpowered by burly guards or gas bombs before doing any damage.
Dr. Zarkov championed Dale Arden as a valuable comrade in battle, prompting Mongo's Ice Queen to retire from romance, war, and the rest of the whole darn serial as well. Dale also flew the getaway Rocket when Flash blew up Ming's control tower, with Sonja and Ming inside, which wrote FINI for the lady spy!

Dale Arden Under the Influence

Jean Rogers as Dale 1

Jean Rogers as Dale 2
Dale Arden Taking the Initiative

Take THIS, sneaky Sonja!

The frigid Queen loses to Dale 3

Princess Aura of Flash Gordon

Priscilla Lawson re-created Alex Raymond's petulant royal troublemaker, right off the pages of his first Flash Gordon adventures. Lawson was the winner of a beauty contest, and secured this high-visibility role almost immediately upon her arrival in Hollywood. Princess Aura is Spitfire Number One by acclamation, and a whole illustrated essay is dedicated to her, with more pictorial impressions of her many meddlesome heroics and perfidies yet to come. As George Clinton later sang: The Girl Is BAD!

Aura 1 & Dale 1 beneath Ming's Palace

Aura knows your secrets -- ALL your dirty secrets!
In the Sky City of the Hawkmen

Watch out Dale -- Aura wants Flash for herself!

Unfortunately, both Alex Raymond and Universal Studios gradually drained the vital rambunctiousness out of our Princess. She became prim, proper, and insipidly unrecognizable by the time the last serial was made in 1940, in which Shirley Deane played Aura 2. Please note that Ms. Deane was NOT to blame for bad screenwriting, or the abandonment of a perfectly good character by it's creators.

Dale 3 & Aura 2 as Allies and Friends

Careful Flash -- the door is booby-trapped!
Aura 2 complains to Emperor Ming

Same old $#@! place -- soldiers and harem dancers!


Scroll Down for even MORE Spitfires of the Spaceways!

Witch Queen Azura of Flash Gordon

Alex Raymond and ghost writer Dan Moore's echo of Haggard's SHE, with more than a few overtones of Burroughs' many lost and hidden matriarchs -- Azura was an uncomfortably aggressive and kinky monarch of Mongo in the Sunday strip, but she was much more repressed as a Martian magician in the movie serial.

Queen Azura of Mars

Universal's Azura redeemed herself at the end.
Queen Azura of Mongo

Raymond's Witch Queen was outright sadistic.

The censors allowed Azura: Queen of Magic, to be treacherous and mean -- but NOT sexy, plus they removed the word "witch" from the script. Those phallic Ray Guns were hilarious. They missed some inadvertently Sapphic imagery scattered around the episodes. A few pretty models, hired as extras, were clothed like Ming's harem girls in the previous adventure, and stood in attendance by Azura's throne. Except for Dale Arden 2 (Jean Rogers as a brunette), they were the only female characters in the whole second serial. Send a message to Yvonne Craig -- Mars REALLY needs women!


Space-tyrants seem to require half-clad attendants.

Mongo's Azura was too hot for Hayes' Hollywood.

Lady Sonja of Flash Gordon

Busy B-Movie actress and popular WWII pinup model Anne Gwynne played Lady Sonja, the last villainess-spitfire in Flash Gordon's trio of chapter serials, at the age of twenty. Sonja was a minor temptress and traitor in the strip. Lady Sonja of the movies was more like Milady De Winter, the beautiful, but deadly, arch-spy in Dumas' Three Musketeers, and it literally took a bomb to finally stop her. She perished at the side of her Emperor in the Saturday serial, but was executed at Ming's orders at the bitter end of her Sunday adventure.

Lady Sonja by Alex Raymond
Anne Gwynne as a Pin-up

A crime-by-crime analysis of her misdeeds is not on Spitfires of the Spaceway's agenda, but she's already featured on Princess Aura 2's page, and she'll share some of Dale Arden 3's upcoming picto-saga too. Gwynne worked well with the swggering Charles Middleton, so it was sad the producers didn't write more scenes for the two of them. Sonja's perfidious partner in most episodes was Captain Torch, a character without much fire -- the less said about him the better.


The Outer Space Dancers of Just Imagine and Flash Gordon

Before the cliches of the Space Opera were fully formed, Fox made a Science Fiction musical comedy, perhaps trying to attract the audiences for Fritz Lang's respected Metropolis and Girl In The Moon. The movie was named Just Imagine, and was a flop in the darkening Depression days of 1930, but footage, props, and special effects from the project were used in other productions for a decade. The Buck Rogers serial used Just Imagine's Art Deco version of a future New York as Killer Kane's 25th Century capitol city. Besides using Just Imagine's Rocket Ships, the Flash Gordon serials also used and re-used some dance sequences. Universal also borrowed spacey Ziegfeld-like footage from at least one other unidentified movie for Vultan's banquet, plus hired an uncredited professional dancer for the 1940 adventure. She skillfully cavorted for the appreciative Emperor Ming on Mongo in several scenes, interspersed with ten-year-old footage from Mars here and there. Another buxom lady layered in dark silken gauze punctuated the festivities by striking a gong at Ming's command. Varieties of women were welcome in the 1940 serial, since Universal had used hardly any female characters in 1938 and 1939.

Martian Idol Orgy 1930
Same Idol, Same Orgy on Mongo 1936
King Vultan's Sky Palace Revue 1936
Emperor Ming's Crystal Ball Dancer 1940

It is my understanding that these writhingly sensual segments were supposed to show the wanton decadence of Emperor Ming and/or King Vultan, but I always thought they were nice changes of pace from the rest of the intrigue, violence, and frenetic chasing-around. A Tale of Two Movies lays out many connectons between the nearly-forgotten Just Imagine film and the once-popular Buster Crabbe serials.


Good Queen/Bad Queen Joyzelle of Just Imagine

Fox made Just Imagine's vision of Planet Mars an apparently hedonistic haven, well-populated by bushy-haired female dancing girls, with only a few bushy-haired guys around. An actress named Joyzelle played their queen -- a much friendlier version of She-who-must-be-obeyed, ruling her unearthly realm with a light, comic, and maternal touch. Her costume was made from pre-censorship wisps of mica and metal which somehow clung tightly to her thin, lithe dancer's body. Her dialog was mostly pantomime and high, keening noises, but she made herself understood somehow.

GOOD Queen Joyzelle says:
BAD Queen Joyzelle says:
"Ummm -- Live Long and Prosper?"
"Uh oh -- Say WHAT?"

An economically-driven twist of the plot had Joyzelle playing her evil twin counterpart as well -- violently capturing the Earthpeople and consigning them to an unknown and possibly unpleasant fate by means of yet another pantomime, only performed much more strenuously, with lots of screaming and shrill laughter.


Ingenue Maureen O'Sullivan of Just Imagine


O'Sullivan was a hard-working actor who later gained enduring fame as Jane Porter -- a prototypical Lady In Distress turned Jungle Mistress in Johnny Weismuller's popular Tarzan movies. To be fair, she played better roles in better films, but she was always known as "Jane" to the public at large, even when someone occasionally remembered that she was Mia Farrow's mother.

THE Sci-Fi Musical Comedy of 1930

It flopped, but bits and pieces continued on!
Maureen O'Sullivan as Miss Number

Brave Mr. Number rockets off for the Red Planet.

Just Imagine
was one of O'Sullivan's early efforts, where she played a young woman whose name was a number. Her also-numbered betrothed took a brave chance of piloting the first Rocket Ship to Mars in order to prove himself worthy of her hand, which left his true love out of most of the picture as a result. I think it is also worth mentioning that Johnny Weismuller later starred in a B-movie series based on Jungle Jim, thereby portraying characters created by both Edgar Rice Burroughs AND Alex Raymond -- similar to Buster Crabbe's career.
Postscript: One of the chimpanzes who played Cheetah in Weismuller & O'Sullivan's movies was approaching the age of eighty on the date of this writing -- 2007, outliving both of her co-stars, and out-acting one of them, according to a few critics. Maybe they were right, but I enjoyed Johnny Weismuller's clumsy charm, although he played a character who was the opposite of Burroughs' sophisticated Tarzan. Crabbe starred in a mostly-forgotten Tarzan film himself. Another Crabbe flick, the laughable Lion Man, drew the wrath of Burroughs in Tarzan and the Lion Man, which excoriated the movie industry. James Pierce, Burrough's son-in-law, played Tarzan on the radio, and in one movie, as well as portraying Prince Thun in the first Flash Gordon serial. Raymond reportedly consulted with Burroughs at times, but this last rumor needs verification, although I'd love to believe it.
A Tale of Two Movies
Spitfire Adventures and Essays
Launching NOW! Illustrated Essay Launching NOW! Launching NOW!

Lt./Col. Wilma Deering

Princess Aura 1

Brunette Dale Arden 1

Princess Aura 2
Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers are property of their copyright holders. All images are used for scholastic purposes ONLY in the context of these articles. Text and graphic design copyright by Michael R. Evans 2007 Email Me